A Systemic Review on Acne and Post Acne Hyperpigmentation

Abstract

This article provides a comprehensive review of acne, a common skin condition affecting both adolescents and adults, and post-acne hyperpigmentation (PIH). Acne, characterized by various lesions such as comedones, papules, and nodules, is primarily influenced by factors like increased androgen production, excess oil secretion, bacterial activity, and inflammation. The condition has psychological impacts, and its prevalence is particularly high among teenagers. Post-acne hyperpigmentation refers to skin discoloration that develops following inflammation or injury, with acne being a leading cause. Hyperpigmentation issues, including age spots and melasma, result from excess melanin production and accumulation. The article emphasizes the aesthetic impact of hyperpigmentation on individuals of all skin types and ethnicities. The management of acne involves a range of treatments, including benzoyl peroxide, antibiotics, salicylic acid, hormonal therapies, and alternative medicines. The article highlights the effectiveness of these treatments in addressing various aspects of acne, such as inflammation, bacterial activity, and sebum production. Additionally, it emphasizes the significance of minimizing side effects and enhancing efficacy through fixed dose combinations. In addressing post-acne hyperpigmentation, the article explores the etiology, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of PIH.

Various modalities, including topical therapies, chemical peels, and laser therapy, are discussed as part of the management strategy. Herbal plants such as rose, thyme, walnut leaf, mulberry, ginseng, and aloe are also examined for their potential in treating both acne and PIH.