Toxicity Effects of Nerium Oleander, Basic and Clinical Evidence: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Nerium oleander is a plant that is frequently grown in gardens and public areas. N. oleander is distributed originally in subtropical Asia but is now growing in many parts of the world, such as the United States, Australia, China, and Middle East countries. Pharmacological effects of plant including antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activity were reported, but the potential toxic effects of all parts of the shrub either fresh or dried on animal and human body were documented. The data of this review article were obtained from Medline/Pubmed, Scopusand Google Scholar databases in English until September 2019. To include all publications in this field, keywords such as N. oleander and toxicity were used. The poisoning effects of plant or their active alkaloids induced infiltration of cells with hemorrhage and sever negative changes in the lung, induce lesions, and infiltration of inflammatory cells into the portal spaces with scattered necrosis of hepatocytes in the liver, cardiac toxicity of the plant in the heart were included, induced varying degrees of hemorrhage, myocardial degeneration, and necrosis. It also induced arrhythmia, sinus bradycardia, and prolonged P-R interval in electrocardiographic records. The toxic effects of N. oleander are mostly related to its inhibitory effects on the Na^þ-K^þ ATPase pump in the cellular membrane. However, the exact molecular mechanism involved in the toxicity of N. oleander is not clear. As the world transitions to the digital age, the need for construction companies to adapt to different technological advancements is becoming more and more crucial. The presence and continuous developments of these technologies can help to automate repetitive tasks and streamline processes, which can increase efficiency and reduce the time it takes to complete construction projects. This can lead to cost savings for both builders and customers. This study aimed to evaluate the difficulties being encountered by workers in the construction sector and develop a project monitoring application which can be used by different private construction firms currently based in the Province of Pampanga. The data were gathered through 2-phase survey questionnaires. The findings of the first part of the study showed that the construction sector continuously encounter project monitoring-related problems such as communication, shipment and delivery of tools and equipment, and health and safety standards. These factors led to the development of ConCheck Project Monitoring application that primarily focused on the digitalization of project monitoring among construction projects. Among the features of the application are: Daily Weather Report, Delay Type, Daily Progress Report, and Accomplishment Report. The application was pilot tested to 5 private construction firms and the survey results showed that the application’s functionality enabled users to monitor their construction projects in a more efficient way. Moreover, the data gathered strongly suggests that the application would be beneficial for the companies to adopt. The findings of the study will be beneficial to construction companies in their efforts to address the need for technological advancements in the sector. Further, the results may be used by different web-developers in establishing a more user-friendly application that can help the construction sector intervene in the 21st century landscape of the workforce.